Trattiamo oggi degli eventi in corso in Libia, eventi nei quali il nostro paese ha gravissime responsabilità. Si tratta di eventi particolarmente insopportabili perché non solo determinano da quasi dieci anni la devastazione di un paese ma, oltretutto, segnano le vite di un’infinità di disperati costretti ad attraversare il paese nel tentativo di raggiungere l’Europa.
LA LIBIA COLONIA ITALIANA
La Libia, com’è noto, si trova a poca distanza dalla Sicilia, ed è per questo da oltre cent’anni terra di elezione degli interessi economici italiani all’estero. Fu la più importante colonia italiana, conquistata nel 1912 a spese dell’impero ottomano.
È necessario soffermarsi sulla speciale ferocia del colonialismo italiano, spesso occultata dalla retorica del “colonialismo dal volto umano”, che è un’antica tradizione nel nostro paese: esso contende a quello belga il triste primato dell’intensità delle nefandezze commesse, essendo concentrato in pochi decenni e su territori poco estesi e tuttavia costellato di crimini tra i più orrendi fra quelli commessi dagli occidentali nelle loro campagne di conquista. Solo per citare due esempi, nessun altro paese adoperò i gas velenosi nella conquista delle sue colonie (come il nostro conterraneo Badoglio fece nella campagna fascista d’Etiopia); inoltre, tra i coloni italiani, vi fu spesso la consuetudine di comperare mogli bambine, finché questo non fu vietato nel ’37 (non per ovvi motivi umanitari, ma per il sopravvenuto divieto di matrimoni misti con l’introduzione delle leggi razziali). Questa consuetudine fu anche adottata, ad esempio, dal noto giornalista di destra Indro Montanelli, che si comprò una moglie di tredici anni quando ne aveva 26 (intervistato nel dopoguerra su questi fatti, rispose “In questo modo, ogni due settimane mi ritrovavo, al pari dei miei uomini, con i panni puliti”).
In Libia, il dominio italiano s’interruppe con la seconda guerra mondiale, al termine della quale il paese divenne indipendente.
LA LIBIA E L’ITALIA NEL DOPOGUERRA
Non cessarono tuttavia i rapporti economici tra i due paesi: infatti, la Libia è ricca di risorse, in particolare petrolio e gas, che furono (e sono) preda delle multinazionali d’ogni paese e, in particolare, dell’AGIP (poi ENI). Nel 1969, il colonnello Gheddafi giunse al potere in Libia compiendo un colpo di stato militare e lo mantenne fino al 2011. Inizialmente inviso ai paesi del blocco occidentale (la Libia subì bombardamenti americani durante la presidenza Regan), egli sarebbe successivamente entrato nelle loro grazie, mantenendo un rapporto privilegiato con l’Italia e in particolare con la famiglia Agnelli, che lo finanziò a più riprese, a partire dal 1976 con l’acquisizione di quote di minoranza della FIAT e della Juventus. I rapporti tra l’Italia e la dittatura libica interessarono vari ambiti, dalla commessa affidata a ditte italiane per la costruzione di infrastrutture a rapporti più personali (un figlio di Gheddafi fu calciatore del Perugia).
LA FINE DI GHEDDAFI
La dittatura di Gheddafi ebbe fine nel 2011: la Libia fu attraversata nella primavera di quell’anno, come tutti i paesi arabi, da un’ondata di rivolte contro il regime, che divenne presto insurrezione armata. A marzo USA, Francia, Inghilterra, Norvegia, Danimarca, Spagna, Oman e Italia iniziarono i bombardamenti contro Gheddafi in sostegno degli insorti: il regime del “raìs”, infatti, già storicamente indigesto agli Stati Uniti, risultava ora non sufficientemente affidabile nel mantenimento della stabilità nella regione e nella tutela degli ineteressi economici occidentali. L’intervento italiano fu particolarmente clamoroso perché fino a pochi mesi prima il governo Berlusconi era tra i più vicini a quello di Gheddafi ed inoltre attraversava un periodo di grande debolezza: la genesi dell’intervento italiano presenta aspetti tuttora oscuri, in ogni modo rimangono agli atti il sostegno anche del PD e di tutti gli apparati dello stato ai bombardamenti e l’allucinante atteggiamento guerrafondaio dell’allora ministro della difesa La Russa, che fu particolarmente impegnato nella propaganda televisiva in favore della guerra. Questa si concluse, com’è noto, con l’abbattimento del regime di Gheddafi, che rimase ucciso, e con l’instaurarsi di un governo di transizione di unità nazionale.

LA GUERRA CIVILE
Il regime di Gheddafi, autoritario e militare, aveva tuttavia determinato per decenni, con l’ausilio tanto di politiche repressive quanto di cospicui investimenti sul territorio finanziati dalle estrazioni petrolifere, una relativa stabilità nel paese e nella regione. Oltretutto la stessa unità nazionale del paese è frutto, come per molte ex-colonie, della fantasia dei colonizzatori, e non poggia affatto su un’unità storica di qualche tipo. La caduta del regime aprì il vaso di Pandora e, dal 2014, con la fine del governo di transizione, la Libia non ha più un governo unitario: il paese è nel caos più totale, attraversato da decine di milizie armate, da quelle dei due governi in lotta alle milizie jihadiste di Al-Qaeda e dell’ISIS.
Il governo di Al-Serraj è quello col maggior riconoscimento internazionale ufficiale, a cominciare da quello dell’ONU e di molti paesi tra cui USA e Italia. Quello di Haftar gode invece del sostegno di Egitto, Emirati Arabi Uniti, Russia e Francia e controlla la maggior parte del paese (ma non la capitale Tripoli). Proprio per via della sua forza militare, quest’ultimo sta guadagnando negli ultimi mesi un crescente appoggio internazionale ed ha iniziato a intessere rapporti con paesi teoricamente sostenitori del suo avversario; sue delegazioni hanno incontrato anche diplomatici italiani. La posizione degli USA è particolarmente ambigua perché, sebbene sostengano ufficialmente Al-Serraj, si deve tenere in considerazione il fatto, tanto clamoroso quanto troppo spesso ignorato, che il generale Haftar è cittadino americano, avendo vissuto dal 1990 al 2011 a Langley, Virginia (che, guarda un po’, è pure sede della CIA). In definitiva, i paesi della NATO prestano appoggio a entrambi gli schieramenti principali del conflitto libico, anteponendo vistosamente la tutela dei propri interessi politici ed economici alla pacificazione del paese e alle vite dei civili che cadono come fuscelli nel fuoco incrociato di una guerra che non si ferma da più di otto anni. È importante osservare che, nel bel mezzo di questo caos, le principali installazioni occidentali (e, in particolare, dell’ENI) per l’estrazione del petrolio non hanno mai interrotto le operazioni.
In conclusione, in Libia è in atto, da più di otto anni, un conflitto iniziato dai paesi occidentali e da essi sempre prolungato in complicità con i più orrendi carnefici in nome di interessi economici (petrolio e gas) e politici (la prigionia dei migranti, di cui tratteremo a parte in un diverso articolo). A questo deve essere posto fine, e difficilmente questo avverrà senza una nostra vasta mobilitazione.
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